Scope and Contents The 8th Annual Gould Lecture is opened by Sarah Michalak who welcomes the audience and honors the members of the Gould family. President Machen introduces the speaker, Thomas Parke Hughes, who is a Mellon Professor Emeritus of the History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania and a visiting Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and Stanford University. Hughes then gives his speech titled...